The discovery-justification distinction stands as a pivotal issue within 20th-century philosophy of science. It subtly underpins many foundational topics and concepts pertinent to our comprehension of knowledge. Thomas Kuhn's contributions are indispensable in this regard, with his critiques playing a pivotal role in shaping both his initial model of scientific progress and its subsequent revisions. Kuhn addressed this dichotomy head-on in the first of his Thalheimer Lectures, presented in 1984. In this paper, we revisit Pablo Melogno's (2019) examination of Kuhn's (...) engagement with this theme. Concurring with Melogno, our analysis extends his interpretation by exploring Larry Laudan's objections to certain research programs focused on a logic of discovery. We further scrutinize specific assumptions about discovery heuristics that have been misinterpreted within Laudan's methodological framework, particularly the one stemming from Herbert Simon's pioneering work. By synthesizing these perspectives, we aim to set up a preliminary framework for a more refined understanding of how history and philosophy of science inform the epistemic practices of agents operating with bounded rationality. (shrink)

Emotional disorder symptoms are highly prevalent and a common cause of disability among children and adolescents. Screening and early detection are needed to identify those who need help and to improve treatment outcomes. Nowadays, especially with the arrival of the COVID-19 outbreak, assessment is increasingly conducted online, resulting in the need for brief online screening measures. The aim of the current study was to examine the reliability and different sources of validity evidence of a new web-based screening questionnaire for emotional (...) disorder symptoms, the DetectaWeb-Distress Scale, which assesses mood, anxiety, obsessive–compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidality, and global distress. A total of 1,499 participants completed the DetectaWeb-Distress Scale and specific questionnaires for emotional disorder symptoms, suicidal behaviors, and well-being through a web-based survey. Results indicated that a structural model of 10 correlated factors fits reasonably better in comparison to the remaining models; measurement invariance for age and gender; good internal consistency ; and significant positive correlation with other measures of anxiety, depression, PTSD, or distress, and negative correlation with well-being measures, displaying support for convergent-discriminant validity. We also found that girls scored higher than boys on most of the subscales, and children had higher scores for social anxiety, specific phobia, panic disorder, and obsessive–compulsive symptoms, whereas adolescents scored higher on depressive symptoms, suicidality, and generalized anxiety, but the effect sizes were small to medium for all comparisons. The DetectaWeb-Distress Scale is a valid, innovative, and useful online tool for the screening and evaluation of preventive programs for mental health in children and adolescents. (shrink)

Surnames of grandparents were collected from children in the primary schools of the AlbanianItalian and Greek–Italian villages of southern Italy and Sicily. The coefficients of relationships by isonymy show almost no relationship with ethnicity. Ethnolinguistic minorities of southern Italy and Sicily are geographically subdivided into two main clusters: the first cluster comprises the Albanian, Croat and Greek communities of the Adriatic area; and the second cluster comprises the Albanian and Greek communities of the Ionian, Thirrenian and Sicilian areas.

The American Society for Bioethics and Humanities promulgated standards for clinical ethics consultants and is currently developing a national Quality Attestation in Clinical Ethics Consultation to assist facilities in ensuring that those performing clinical ethics consultations meet minimum standards. As the field moves towards such professionalization, there is a need to provide access to qualified clinical ethicists at a broad range of medical facilities. Currently, however, there are insufficient numbers of trained clinical ethicists to staff all healthcare facilities, and many (...) facilities lack the necessary resources to hire staff clinical ethicists. In this review, we describe several models for providing expert clinical ethics support to remote facilities that lack access to qualified clinical ethicists. Based on this analysis, we recommend telemedicine as the optimal model providing expert support to local ethics committee members tasked with providing clinical ethics consultation services. (shrink)

We report three experimental studies of reasoning with double conditionals, i.e. problems based on premises of the form: If A then B. If B then C. where A, B, and C, describe everyday events. We manipulated both the logical structure of the problems, using all four possible arrangements (or ''figures" of their constituents, A, B, and C, and the believability of the two salient conditional conclusions that might follow from them, i.e. If A then C , or If C then (...) A . The experiments showed that with figures for which there was a valid conclusion, the participants more often, and more rapidly, drew the valid conclusion when it was believable than when it was unbelievable. With figures for which there were no valid conclusions, the participants tended to draw whichever of the two conclusions was believable. These results were predicted by the theory that reasoning depends on constructing mental models of the premises. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to study Leonardo Polo's conception of the principle of identity. This identity is also called Origin; however, an adequate understanding of that expression requires a careful study of the way man comes to be aware of it.

At the beginning, the poetry was considered as the genesis of the arabic art, and after then the prose of adab, both of them appeared with the idea of the "beauty science". This idea would be projected on the music. On the other hand, the greek heritage of the classic arabic philosophy legacy was reflected during the first manuscripts of the arabic philosophers and musical theoreticians as al-Kindf and al-Farabf, as a result appeared a new conception of the "beauty" and (...) "aesthetic". By this way, taking as a point of reference the greek classical world, the new parameters would appear as an result of this own reality and idiosyncrasy. Their poetry and musical legacy, joined to the philosopher and religious mind would complete the work of the "aesthetic musical art". The study of the arabic middle music prove that the harmony in the poetry, lingüistic and rhitmycal contents, go in parallel with the melodic content until it reached a harmonic relation and in definitive cosmic, and as a result an "aesthetic ideal". This ideal was based on "beauty" and the "aesthetic emotion" produced by the art and all that as reflet to the harmonic until the corp and the spirit and oriented to the spherical work and to the divinity. (shrink)

La antropología, en una escueta pero certera definición, es la “ciencia que estudia la cultura”. Aserto que exige una comprensión clara de lo que significa lo que es la cultura y su evolución; particularmente considerando que desde mediados del Siglo XX vivimos en la Era de la Información, elemento que algunos consideran fundamental, a la par con la materia y/o energía. Este articulo propone una nueva interpretación de la antropología, considerando el impacto de la información. Para formular dicha construcción es (...) necesario no solo definir lo que es la información como objeto de estudio, sino también naturalizarla, hacerla asequible a nuestra experiencia diaria. Este afán logra descubrir el papel fundamental de la información en la antropología, tanto en sus orígenes como en su actual desarrollo local y global. (shrink)

This work considers the formalisation of the merging process of stratified belief bases, where beliefs are stored in different layers or strata. Their strata are ranked, following a total order, employing the value the agent using the belief base assigns to these beliefs. The agent uses an argumentation mechanism to reason from the belief base and obtain the final inferences. We present two ways of merging stratified belief bases: the first is defined by merging two strata without belief preservation, and (...) the second by merging two strata with belief preservation. For these operators, as layers merge, it is possible that some information has to be deleted from the stratum to maintain consistency. The latter merge operator will be defined as performing their actions so that information removed from the stratum is preserved after the merging by moving it to a stratum containing information perceived as having a lower value and where those beliefs may trigger a new revision, possibly starting a cascading effect. (shrink)

En los pueblos indígenas de México existen mecanismos de toma de decisión y participación que contribuyen al logro del bienestar común. Estos procesos constituyen parte del espacio público para resolver sus problemas y a través de ellos se reafirman la pertenencia e identidad que fortalecen las relaciones sociales, políticas, económicas y culturales de los miembros de la comunidad. La forma en que se manifiesta esta reafirmación es por medio de la participación en el trabajo comunitario, el sistema de cargos y (...) las asambleas comunitarias. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, con la intervención de las políticas públicas de los distintos órdenes de gobierno y la inclusión de estos pueblos en los procesos políticos, en la búsqueda de una mayor participación ciudadana y el ejercicio de sus derechos civiles en un contexto democrático, han modificado las reglas de convivencia afectando estos mecanismos que son la base de la estructura comunitaria. (shrink)

The potential for genetically modified (GM) crops to threaten biodiversity conservation and sustainable agriculture is substantial. Megadiverse countries and centers of origin and/or diversity of crop species are particularly vulnerable regions. The future of sustainable agriculture may be irreversibly jeopardized by contamination of in situ preserved genetic resources threatening a strategic resource for the world—s food security. Because GM crops are truly biological novelties, their release into the environment poses concerns about the unpredictable ecological and evolutionary responses that GM species (...) themselves and the interacting biota may express in the medium and long term. One of the consequences of these processes may be a generalized contamination of natural flora by GM traits and a degradation and erosion of the commonly owned genetic resources available today for agricultural development. GM plants carrying pharmaceutical and industrial traits will pose even more dangerous risks if released in the environment. (shrink)

Una parte de la explicación del gran florecimiento en los EE. UU. de la filosofía analítica, particularmente la filosofía analítica del lenguaje, después de la segunda guerra mundial está sin duda en la amplitud de la comunidad de filósofos que un país grande en dimensiones permite. Pues conseguir un buen nivel de excelencia en la práctica de este modo de entender la filosofía requiere una amplia comunidad de colegas en que difundir y contrastar nuevas ideas. Conscientes de esto, los filósofos (...) analíticos continentales estamos embarcados en la tarea de ampliar recíprocamente nuestras comunidades, aprovechando el impulso del proyecto de mayor unión política europea. Aunque, a diferencia de lo que ocurría en EE. UU. en el tiempo a que nos hemos referido antes, existen importantes obstáculos culturales, hay buenas razones para ser optimistas. Existe claramente la voluntad, lo que ha permitido en la última década llevar a cabo con éxito proyectos tales como los de la European Society for Philosophy and Psychology y la European Society for Analytic Philosophy, así como establecer importantes lazos de conocimiento mutuo a través de pequeños seminarios bilaterales. Y existe también algo muy importante: el que los temas que más interesan a los filósofos del lenguaje continentales son muy próximos; algo que, aventuramos, lo explica parcialmente una formación que presta más atención a la tradición filosófica que la de nuestros colegas americanos. Estos temas incluyen típicamente la referencia, particularmente la referencia de expresiones indéxicas, así como cuestiones relativas a la objetividad, las condiciones de verdad, el realismo y el antirrealismo. (shrink)

El crecimiento y el desarrollo de la complejidad cultural a lo largo de la historia humana, poseen la forma de una espiral en movimiento que se abre a las posibilidades; desde un punto se extienden una serie de círculos concéntricos que amplían el espectro cultural. Esta apertura la podemos percibir desde un concepto clave en la obra wittgensteineana, a saber, la noción de ver aspectos. Por otra parte, con ella también podemos distinguir y entender otro punto clave en esa dinámica (...) cultural, ello es: la idea de cambio y conflicto social. Así pues, la idea del presente trabajo es mostrar las estructuras epistémicas con las que operan los conflictos y los cambios socioculturales -tan relevantes para el desarrollo social y la teoría antropológica-, tomando como fondo la idea wittgensteineana de visión de aspectos. Con lo que encontramos, que el presente artículo además de ser una contribución al “estudio cultural” con base en un interés epistemológico, pretende vincular la filosofía wittgensteineana con la antropología científica.Palabras clave: Visión de aspectos, conflicto, cambio social, Wittgenstein, epistemología.The growth and development of cultural complexity throughout human history has had the form of a moving spiral that opens to possibilities; from one point, a series of concentric circles is extended that expand the cultural spectrum. This opening can be perceived from a key concept in Wittgenstein’s thought, namely, the notion of seeing aspects. On the other hand, with this concept we can also identify and understand another key point in that cultural dynamic: the idea of change and social conflict. Thus, the idea of this paper is to show the epistemic structures through which conflicts and socio-cultural changes operate, which are so relevant to social development and the anthropological theory, taking the Wittgensteinian idea of seeing aspects as a background. This article is not only a contribution to “cultural study” based on an epistemological interest, but it also tries to link Wittgenstein’s philosophy with scientific anthropology.Key words: Vision of aspects, conflict, social change, Wittgenstein, epistemology. (shrink)

"Who knows how much longer it will be, but others have crossed over to the US, and have found a job, and have even sent for their families. I am not the only one crossing, I am number 57 out of 72, but we do not walk together, all 72—that would call too much attention to us. We walk at a good pace, each one with their thoughts, we walk from sun to sun without stopping almost; others have done it." (...) These are the words of renowned writer Elena Poniatowska on 72migrantes.com, a virtual altar honoring the 72 migrants massacred in a ranch in San Fernando, a municipality in the border state of Tamaulipas, Mexico, in August 2010. Attempting to recreate the thoughts of unidentified victim number 57 on his trek towards the... (shrink)

Este texto plantea una discusión del artículoTal discusión se entabla a partir de dosrespuesta estructuralista al problema dela comparación racional de teorías rivalesaspectos de la obra de Kuhn que se hansolución que el estructuralismo esbozacomo promisorias.

The study of the position of ἐγώ in the iambic trimeter of Greek Theatre has been added to with the data from comedy (Aristophanes and Menander) and conclusions have been drawn, comparing them with those from tragedy: Aeschylus and Sophocles, on the one hand, and Aristophanes and Menander, on the other, seem to be opposed in their tendencies.

Se analiza la obra Emlia Oardo Bazán desde la teoría del análisis lingüístico y cómo es que su obra fue de influencia para la literatura feminista del siglo XX, sin dejar de lado el enfoque naturalista de la literatura y los ideales feminismos de la época.

Extent health humanities readings of Gabriel García Márquez’s _Love in the Time of Cholera_ have focused on the doctor-patient relationship, the physician-scientist as a model for aspiring practitioners, and how individuals relate to the novel’s health themes of death, disease, and disability. However, such medicine-focused readings neglect the population-level public health concerns of the novel as they relate to contagion, community, and quarantine. This paper contributes to the growing field of public health humanities by using a close reading method (...) to explore how the competing endemic and epidemic public health issues shape the plot and metaphors of the novel. (shrink)

Dating manuscripts is a difficult task – particularly when these are not expressly datemarked, but even when they are. Factors such as the existence of successive copies that continue and repeat established models and production methods make dating a challenging task. The present work forms part of a much broader, comprehensive, investigation on the material composition of dated and bound manuscripts from the School of arabic Studies– CSIC of Granada. By means of a study protocol, errors in the dating of (...) manuscripts ms6, ms10, ms26 and ms29 are successfully detected and corrected, and alternative dating proposed. (shrink)

Resumen Este trabajo analiza los anuncios de televisión y prensa de la compañía española de telefonía móvil Yoigo para explorar cómo la publicidad usa la apelación emocional para persuadir al consumidor a adquirir un servicio. El marco teórico se basa, por una parte, en el concepto de efecto social del acto comunicativo : 577–603) y el de actividad de imagen : 175–198), entendiendo la imagen social desde las categorías básicas de autonomía y afiliación con sus manifestaciones grupal e individual, Actos (...) de habla y cortesía en el español. Munich: Lincom Europa). Por otro lado, se parte de las propuestas de identidad de Spencer-Oatey, Face, Communication and Social Interaction ) y los tipos de valores centrales e individuales de los que se nutren tanto la imagen social como la identidad, 268-290). Los resultados de los análisis demuestran que en los anuncios de Yoigo los valores de honestidad y originalidad están presentes en las estrategias comunicativas elegidas, lo que supone una serie de actividades de imagen donde la afiliación y la autonomía – tanto de grupo como individual – se ponen de manifiesto. Así, las estrategias realizadas por los anuncios utilizan atributos conocidos de la identidad del consumidor español y de su imagen social para lograr su propósito persuasivo: convencerle para contratar el servicio ofrecido. (shrink)

This paper attempts a renewed understanding of the concept of poetic reason, key in María Zambrano’s philosophical writings, from a hermeneutical approach. Poetic reason might be seen in this light as a gateway to a different kind of rationality, one that might help to enrich its ontological and anthropological implications, and overcome the hubris that has been historically ingrained in this concept. The paper is structured in three parts: in the first one, an attempt will be made to show a (...) reform of the understanding, which involves human life integrally, in such a way that reason transcends and makes it possible to understand the historical complexity of man and the urgent need to return to oneself. In the second, special attention will be focused on Zambrano’s new humanism, based on poetic and merciful reason, as an antidote to the ghost of war. And the third section delves in the work Claros del bosque to point to the reader the three hermeneutical moments that they will possibly face when trying to understand the realm of poetic reason. (shrink)

Resumen El presente trabajo, integrado en un proyecto investigador de mayor envergadura sobre el ataque descortés en el debate electoral, desarrolla el análisis de dos estrategias de descortesía que revelan un funcionamiento particularmente interesante en dichos eventos discursivos: el menosprecio y la burla hacia el adversario. Tomando como referencia el último debate cara a cara de máximo nivel celebrado en España hasta el momento, el que enfrentó a A. Pérez Rubalcaba y M. Rajoy en la campaña para las elecciones generales (...) de 2011, se analiza el valor funcional de estas estrategias y los rasgos de las diversas variantes que presentan, así como los diferentes patrones lingüístico-discursivos en que toman forma. A ello se une su caracterización desde el punto de vista teórico de la descortesía lingüística. El trabajo, además, se contextualiza en el marco de la investigación en la que se integra, un análisis global del funcionamiento de la descortesía en el debate citado, en el que se aísla una nómina de estrategias de descortesía, se realiza un inventario de los mecanismos lingüístico-discursivos que se ponen en juego para su ejecución y se lleva a cabo una caracterización de los ataques desde el prisma teórico de la descortesía. (shrink)

En este trabajo se estudia la aportación que Leonardo Polo hace a la ética del cuidado a partir de dos documentos inéditos que, unidos a su teoría antropológica, proporcionan elementos significativos que pueden ayudar a fundamentar esta disciplina, que apunta a situarse, desde distintos ámbitos y planteamientos intelectuales, en el contexto teórico de la ética, como una pieza importante para dotar a la sociedad de una dimensión humana imprescindible para su adecuado desarrollo como sociedad.

This paper focused on the role of a multicultural professor in teaching a multicultural class in Family Studies. Specifically the author illustrates the Japanese American internment camp experience in numerous aspects of his teaching. The article makes the connection between this social, political and historical experience of Japanese Americans to other ethnic groups suffrage. The article also incorporates a variety of methods and strategies to illustrate the internment camp issue and how that could potentially influence multicultural education in the United (...) States. (shrink)

Questions like “Do you believe that p?” can be meant deliberatively (i.e., the question whether to believe that p) or self‐ascriptively (i.e., the question whether the addressee already believes that p). Therefore, an utterance of “I believe that p” can be a proper answer either to a deliberative or to a self‐ascriptive question. In the latter case, an utterance of “I believe that p” is a self‐ascription of belief, but in the former case, it is not. Instead, it is an (...) episode of the belief formed by deliberation. In failing to make these distinctions, contemporary discussions of the transparency of belief mistakenly assume that a proper answer to questions like “Do you believe that p?” is always a self‐ascription of belief. Adhering to the distinctions results in a better account of the transparency of belief. (shrink)